Macpilot 11 0 9 Cm
adminApril 29 2021
Macpilot 11 0 9 Cm
- Corrosion Rate Conversion. The following charts provide a simple way to convert data between the most common corrosion units in usage, i.e. Corrosion current (mA cm-2), mass loss (g m-2 day-1) and penetration rates (mm y-1 or mpy) for all metals or for steel.
- Name Version Size Date Platform Minimum OS Download; MacPilot: 11.1.4: 33.81 MB: May 23, 2020: Mac: macOS 10.15 or later: Download: MacPilot: 11.1.3: 36.82 MB: March.
Sex(♂/♀)n 8/2 7/3 5/5 20/10 p = 0.500 Ageyears 65.2± 9.8 68.4 ±.9.6 59.9 ± 13.29 64.5 ± 11.2 p = 0.238 Heightcm 176.5± 8.5 176.6 ± 7.3 167.8 ± 110.7 173.6 ± 9.6 p = 0.057 Weightkg 84.7± 10.2 83.2 ± 20.8 68.7 ± 15.7 78.9 ± 17.2 p = 0.067 ASAscore 21.75−2 22 22 22 p = 0.484. The CM-11/NINE is basically a PM-11/NINE with a 16-inch barrel and a stock allowing it to qualify as a rifle. The CM-11/NINE is officially a rifle and can be purchased by shooters who cannot own a pistol because they don’t own a pistol permit (some places require this) or don’t meet the age requirement.
Uncertainty in a single measurement
Bob weighs himself on his bathroom scale.The smallest divisions on the scale are 1-pound marks,so the least count of the instrumentis 1 pound.
Bob reads his weight as closest to the 142-pound mark.He knows his weight must be larger than 141.5 pounds(or else it would be closer to the 141-pound mark),but smaller than 142.5 pounds (or else it would be closer to the 143-pound mark).So Bob's weight must beIn general, the uncertainty in a single measurementfrom a single instrument ishalf the least count of the instrument.
Fractional and percentage uncertainty
What is the fractional uncertainty in Bob's weight?
What is the uncertainty in Bob's weight, expressed as a percentageof his weight?
Combining uncertainties in several quantities: adding or subtracting
When one adds or subtracts several measurements together, one simply adds together the uncertainties to find the uncertainty in the sum.
Dick and Jane are acrobats. Dick is 186 +/- 2 cm tall,and Jane is 147 +/- 3 cm tall. If Jane stands on top of Dick's head, how far is her headabove the ground?
Now, if all the quantities have roughly the same magnitudeand uncertainty -- as in the example above -- the resultmakes perfect sense. But if one tries to add togethervery different quantities, one ends up with a funny-lookinguncertainty. For example, suppose that Dick balances on hishead a flea (ick!) instead of Jane. Using a pair of calipers,Dick measures the flea to have a height of 0.020 cm +/- 0.003 cm.If we follow the rules, we find
But wait a minute! This doesn't make any sense! If we can't tell exactly where the top of Dick's head isto within a couple of cm, what difference does it make if theflea is 0.020 cm or 0.021 cm tall?In technical terms, the number of significant figures requiredto express the sum of the two heights is far more than eithermeasurement justifies. In plain English,the uncertainty in Dick's height swamps the uncertaintyin the flea's height; in fact, it swamps the flea's own heightcompletely. A good scientist would say
because anything else is unjustified.
Combining uncertainties in several quantities: multiplying and dividing
When one multiplies or divides several measurements together, one can often determine thefractional (or percentage) uncertainty in the final result simply by adding the uncertainties in the several quantities.
Jane needs to calculate the volume of her pool, so that she knowshow much water she'll need to fill it.She measures the length, width, and height:
To calculate the volume, she multiplies together the length, widthand depth:
In this situation, since each measurement enters the calculation as a multiple to the first power (not squared or cubed), one canfind the percentage uncertainty in the result by adding togetherthe percentage uncertainties in each individual measurement:
Therefore, the uncertainty in the volume (expressed in cubic meters,rather than a percentage) is
Therefore,
If one quantity appears in a calculation raised to a power p,it's the same as multiplying the quantity p times;one can use the same rule, like so:
Fred's pool is a perfect cube. He measures the length of oneside to be
The volume of Fred's cubical pool is simplyJust as before, one can calculate the uncertainty in the volumeby adding the percentage uncertainties in each quantity:
But another way to write this is using the power p = 3times the uncertainty in the length:
When the power is not an integer, you must use this technique ofmultiplying the percentage uncertainty in a quantity by thepower to which it is raised. If the power is negative, discard the negative sign for uncertainty calculations only.
Is one result consistent with another?
Jane's measurements of her pool's volume yield the resultWhen she asks her neighbor to guess the volume, he replies'54 cubic meters.'Are the two estimates consistent with each other?
In order for two values to be consistent within the uncertainties,one should lie within the range of the other. Jane's measurements yield a range
The neighbor's value of 54 cubic meters lies within this range, so Jane's estimate and her neighbor's are consistent within theestimated uncertainty.
What if there are several measurements of the same quantity?
Joe is making banana cream pie. The recipe calls for exactly16 ounces of mashed banana. Joe mashes three bananas, then puts the bowl of pulp onto a scale. After subtracting the weight of the bowl, hefinds a value of 15.5 ounces.
Not satisified with this answer, he makes several more measurements,removing the bowl from the scale and replacing it between eachmeasurement. Strangely enough, the values he reads from the scale are slightlydifferent each time:
Joe can calculate the average weight of the bananas:
Now, Joe wants to know just how flaky his scale is.There are two ways he can describe the scatter in his measurements.
- The mean deviation from the mean is the sum of the absolute values of the differences between each measurement and the average, divided by the number of measurements:
- The standard deviation from the mean is the square root of the sum of the squares of the differences between each measurement and the average, divided by one less than the number of measurements:
Either the mean deviation from the mean, or the standard deviation from the mean, gives a reasonable description of the scatterof data around its mean value.
Can Joe use his mashed banana to make the pie?Well, based on his measurements, he estimates that thetrue weight of his bowlful is (using mean deviation from the mean)The recipe's requirement of 16.0 ounces falls within this range, so Joe is justified in using his bowlful to make the recipe.
Macpilot 11 0 9 Cm Nodule
How can one estimate the uncertainty of a slope on a graph?
If one has more than a few points on a graph, one should calculatethe uncertainty in the slope as follows.In the picture below, the data points are shown by small, filled,black circles;each datum has error bars to indicate the uncertainty in eachmeasurement. It appears that current is measured to +/- 2.5 milliamps,and voltage to about +/- 0.1 volts.The hollow triangles represent points used to calculate slopes.Notice how I picked points near the ends of the lines to calculatethe slopes!
- Draw the 'best' line through all the points, taking into account the error bars. Measure the slope of this line.
- Draw the 'min' line -- the one with as small a slope as you think reasonable (taking into account error bars), while still doing a fair job of representing all the data. Measure the slope of this line.
- Draw the 'max' line -- the one with as large a slope as you think reasonable (taking into account error bars), while still doing a fair job of representing all the data. Measure the slope of this line.
- Calculate the uncertainty in the slope as one-half of the difference between max and min slopes.
In the example above, I find
There are at most two significant digits in the slope, based onthe uncertainty.So, I would say the graph shows
Macpilot 11 0 9 Cm Inches
Last modified 7/17/2003 by MWR.
Macpilot 11 0 9 Cm